WINS (Windows Internet Naming
Service)
Characteristics and structure of WINS :-
1. WINS is a protocol and service which is use to
resolve NetBIOS name into IP address and IP address into NetBIOS name.
2. WINS can be use in LAN and WAN but within same network
(workgroup and domain)
3. WINS server can be configure in the domain or
workgroup network.
4. WINS is integrated with DHCP and DNS
5. WINS server can maintain the centralize database for
NetBIOS names and respective IP addresses,
it can stop software broadcasting.
NOTE: Software broadcasting means to find IP address
and Hardware broadcasting means to find MAC address.
6. WINS name or NetBIOS name are flat name or without
dot
7. WINS name are maximum 15 characters long.
NOTE:
Hello Hello message or Hello packet means when
any computer will be connect to the network, then it will broadcast its
information like MAC address, IP address etc. in the entire network and other
devices can search it easily.
NOTE:
In Windows NT4 and older versions (Pre-Windows 2000
OS), the following method is use to
resolve any query :-
Can We Buy Large Hard Disk
|
| | | | |
Cache WINS Broadcast LmHost file Host
file DNS
In Windows 2000 and higher version, Microsoft has given
preference to FQDN, so DNS is use before WINS.
Replication
Partner or Pull/Push Partner
We can use more than one WINS servers for load
balancing and fault tolerance. We have to configure replication partner
manually within same workgroup or within same domain, otherwise they cannot
start replication. WINS server always
use incremental updates with other WINS servers.
NOTE:
By default there is no backup database in WINS server,
we can create backup database manually in WINS server. In DNS and DHCP server, backup database is
available by default.
We need backup database to take backup of server.
To
install and configure WINS :-
Open Server Manager
-> Features -> Add
Features ->
WINS -> Install
To
configure WINS client :-
If we are using Dynamic IP addressing, then IP address
of WINS server will be assign by DHCP server automatically in each client
machine.
If we are using Static IP addressing in our network,
then we can assign IP address of WINS server in each client manually from
TCP/IP settings.
To
check client information or WINS server database :-
Program ->
Admin. tools -> WINS -> Rt. click on servername or
computername -> Active Registrations -> Display Records -> Find Now
To
configure Replication Partner or Pull/Push Partner :-
step1 Configure
two or more WINS server in the same domain or same workgroup network
step2 In both WINS servers,
Program -> Admin. tools -> WINS -> Replication Partner -> Rt. click ->
New Replication
Partner -> Give IP address of
another WINS servers -> OK
To
create Backup Database for WINS server :-
Program ->
Admin. tools -> WINS -> Rt. click on Servername -> Backup Database ->
C: -> Windows -> System32 -> WINS -> OK
DNS (Domain Name System)
Characteristics
and structure of DNS :-
1.
DNS is a protocol and service which
is use to resolve FQDN into IP address and IP address into FQDN.
2.
DNS can be use in LAN and WAN.
3.
DNS server can be configure in the
domain or workgroup network.
4.
DNS is integrated with DHCP and
WINS.
5.
DNS name or FQDN is maximum 255
characters long.
FQDN = Hostname + Domain
name
6. DNS name is hierarchical structure. For
example :-
mcp.microsoft.com.
RR (Resource Record)
DNS server have multiple database to resolve the
different types of queries, these database are known as RR. The different RR
are :-
1. SOA Record (Start
Of Authority) It is use for replication purpose. It include
FQDN of Primary DNS server, Administrator name, TTL, Retry Interval etc.
2. NS Record (Name
Server)
It is use to store FQDN and
respective IP address of all the DNS servers.
3. A Record or
Host Record It is use to resolve
Hostname into IP address or to resolve FQDN into IP address. It can be create
in Forward Lookup Zone. It include FQDN of all the computers including clients
with their respective IP addresses.
4. PTR Record (Pointer
Record)
It is reverse of A Record. It is use to resolve IP address into
FQDN. It can be create in Reverse Lookup Zone. It include IP address of all the
computers with their respective FQDN.
5. MX Record (Mail
Exchange) It include FQDN and respective IP address of
all the exchange servers. It is use to send and receive emails.
6. Srv Record (Service) It include information about the
different services which are integrated with DNS.
7. CName Record
(Canonical Name) or
Alias Record It is different name
to the same host or it is short name of FQDN. For eg:
we can use PC1 as Alias name
for pc1.xyz.com within
xyz.com domain.
NOTE: SOA, NS and A record can be create manually
also.
Zone
Zone means network or collection of FQDN and respective
IP addresses. Zone means domain or website. DNS server can have more than one zone.
For eg:
yahoo.com is a domain in DC, yahoo.com is a website in Web Server and
yahoo.com is a zone in DNS server.
Options
to create zone
There are 2 options to create zone in DNS server :-
1. Forward
Lookup Zone It is use to resolve
FQDN into IP address, we can create A record or Host record.
2. Reverse
Lookup Zone It is use to resolve IP
address into FQDN, we can create PTR record.
Types
of zone in DNS server
There are 3 types of
zone in DNS server :-
1. Primary Zone It is use to store the latest information about zone or
network. It is read and write copy of a
zone. It has 2 types :-
(a) Standard Primary Zone It can be use in the domain and workgroup
network. It cannot update automatically.
(b) Active Directory Integrated Zone It can be configure only on DC and can be
use in the domain network. It can update automatically with AD database (ntds.dit)
2. Secondary Zone It is read only copy of Primary Zone. It
is use for backup or fault tolerance purpose. It can be covert into Primary
Zone.
3. Stub Zone It is feature of Windows server
2003/2008/2012 DNS. It is use to resolve
the queries faster but it is not authoritative for anything. Stub Zone can store the information about NS,
A and SOA record of other domains. Users
or client machines can easily get information of other domains.
Zone
Database Transfer
There are 2 method for
replication in DNS server :-
1. AXFR (Full Zone Transfer) It means DNS server will overwrite the entire
database of another DNS server. This
method is not use in Windows 2000 and higher versions.
2. IXFR (Incremental Zone Transfer) It means DNS server will replicate only
the latest updates to other DNS servers. It is use in Windows 2000 and higher
versions.
Types
of Queries in DNS server
There are 2 types of
queries in DNS server :-
1. Iterative query or Simple query It means DNS server will either resolve
query by itself or query will not be resolve. DNS server will not take help
from any other DNS server.
2. Recursive query (By default)
It means if a DNS server
cannot resolve query, then it will forward its query to other DNS servers until
query will not be resolve or until TTL works. We can stop it if we have one DNS
server only.
Terms
use in DNS are :-
1. Host file It is a manually created text file in all OS
to store FQDN and respective IP address. Nowadays, DNS server is use.
2. DDNS (Dynamic DNS) It is a type of DNS server
which is integrated with WINS, DHCP and AD. DNS is known as DDNS in Windows
2000 and higher versions because it can update automatically.
3. Caching Only DNS It is a type of DNS server which can resolve query faster but
it is not authoritative for anything. It
actually store the queries which are resolve recently. If we do not configure
Forward Lookup Zone and Reverse Lookup Zone,
then DNS server is known as Caching Only DNS server.
4. Forwarder DNS It is a type of DNS server to which queries
can be forward if not resolve by Preferred DNS server. It can work with
Recursive queries only. By default all DNS are selected but we can assign
particular IP addresses.
5. in-add.arpa It is a special method to resolve any
query in which DNS will resolve Host ID only. It is part of Reverse Lookup Zone
and we can provide Network ID. It cannot be use nowadays because we use
Internet.
6. Firewall It is a software (Checkpoint)or
hardware(PIX Firewall) use for Internet security. It can allow the internal
traffic to go outside world but unwanted traffic cannot pass in our private
network or Intranet. It is use for filtering IP traffic. It is mostly use between Router and Proxy
Server.
7. Proxy Server It is a software use to share Internet connection
and for Internet security. We can check the websites which are browse in our
network and we can also block particular URLs.
Eg: WebSense, WinGate, ccproxy, MS-Proxy etc.
Options in DNS server
1. Interface This option is use to select IP address to
which DNS server can respond to client request.
2. Forwarder This option is use to select IP address to
which DNS server can forward query which cannot be resolve by it. It can be use
for Recursive queries only.
3. Monitoring This option is use to check the working of
DNS server.
NOTE: We can also use RUN
cmd nslookup pc1
<┘
4. Logging This option is use to store the different
events related with DNS server.
5. Security This option is use to apply security
permission for DNS server.
6. Root Hints This option is use to add other DNS servers
manually.
7. Advance :
(i) BIND (Berkeley Internet Naming Domain) This
option is use to find other DNS servers automatically.
(ii) Round Robin This option is load balancing
mechanism.
(iii) Scavenging This
option is use to remove the outdated records automatically.
To
install and configure DNS :-
Open Server
Manager -> Roles -> Add Roles ->
DNS -> Install
To create Zone :-
Program -> Admin. tools ->
DNS -> Forward Lookup Zone -> Rt. click -> New Zone ->
Primary Zone -> Zone name (Website or Domain name) -> Next -> Finish
Zone Properties :-
SOA, NS,
A record etc.
DNS server name Properties :-
Interface, Monitoring,
Forwarder, Root Hints etc.
To refresh DNS server :- RUN cmd ipconfig /registerdns <┘
To configure Secondary DNS server :-
Step1 Configure domain member server
Step2 Install DNS service
Step3 Logon as Domain Administrator
Step4 Create secondary zone with same domain name
step5 In both DNS servers, Open DNS
-> Zone name ->
Properties -> Zone Transfer tab ->
Step6 In both DNS servers, Open DNS
-> Computername ->
Properties -> Root Hints tab -> Add another DNS server -> OK
Step7 In Secondary DNS , Open DNS
-> Zone name -> Rt.
click -> Transfer from Master
Step8 In Primary DNS, Open DNS
-> Zone name -> Rt. click -> Reload or Restart to refresh
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